• Presented to the College of Graduate Health Studies in partial fulfillment of the
    requirements for the Doctor of Health Science Degree A.T. Still University
    June 3rd, 2018 by John Barton MBA

    Introduction
    The successful implementation of a Health Science Process Initiative (HSPI) is
    necessary for the U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative (GHI) to realize national improvements in the
    quality and safety of care. "Country ownership" is to be modeled in the U.S. for developing
    meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global
    recipients of HSPI. Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the
    primary orientation of planning an HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing the
    new program which includes developing the mission, goals, objectives, and policies necessary
    for successful program implementation and integration. Historically diagnostic errors have
    plagued health cares ability to navigate the terrains of corrective whole body therapies but the
    HSPI utilizes proven whole-body kinematic strategies for integrative intervention.

    Background
    In 2007 The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) Initiative was introduced by the American
    College of Sports Medicine to institutionalize physical activity in healthcare. Lobelo,
    Stoutenberg and Hutber (2014) states physical inactivity is the fourth leading global cause of
    mortality and the past decade of research demonstrates physical activity can increase and
    improve function and health when directed from the healthcare setting in the form of counseling,
    exercise prescriptions and referrals. Physical activity though is a means to address the symptoms
    of the much deeper and systemic issues of a body that is sedentary and out of equilibrium or
    homeostasis (Mothes, Leukel, Jo, Seelig, Schmidt and Fuchs, 2017).

    Homeostasis is the definition of biological health, function and the stable state of equilibrium between the
    interdependent systems of the body; a property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows the
    maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly. These
    processes and systems of the body are mostly regulated by Ca2+ which is manufactured in the
    skeletal system and subsequently transported throughout the body by systems for systems
    (Schneider, Taboas, McCauley and Krebsbach, 2003). The Endogenous Cannabinoid System
    (eCBs) regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body and can be modulated primarily by
    integrative physical activity, manual therapy, nutrition and engaging in intellectual activities.

    Global initiatives already exist for physical activity, nutrition, education and a necessary
    component of cultivating a healthier global community is implementing an initiative for
    protocols cultivating structural homeostasis. The inference is that a skeletal system that is in
    homeostasis is better able to provide homeostatic messengers for the aggregate when functioning
    optimally and yet historically no emphasis has been placed on the importance of maintaining
    systemic structural homeostasis by modulating the skeletal system towards a healthier
    orientation (Heifets and Castillo, 2009). By reorienting national and global healthcare leadership
    and management towards a HSPI global initiative, the GHI can experience a positive global
    healthcare benefit and impact for the least amount of resources or cost. Benefits to the recipients
    of HSPI are increased homeostasis represented by reduced nociception and increased function.

    The development of an HSPI program is a resource and resolution for the GHI and a vital
    addition to the emerging trend in healthcare initiatives. The World Health Organization lists the
    125 health topics that it is invested in addressing from A-Z on its website and a HSPI is
    positioned to provide field support for many of the topics listed.The GHI provides funding for
    existing U.S. global health programs to increase efficiency and effectiveness from its current
    budget and programs as opposed to creating new programs that require new funding and the
    HSPI would be a way to maximize efficiencies associated with current projects designed to
    address physical, physiological, psychological initiatives and topics. These perceived planning
    and budget constraints present no challenges to implementing HSPI and are conducive to the
    organizational environment shared by the GHI and the planners of HSPI.

    The U.S. executive branch chiefly administers U.S. global health activities and would be
    responsible for planning and making decisions associated with HSPI in conjunction with the
    HSPI management committee. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) global
    affairs division, particularly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would also provide
    diplomatic support in Implementing U.S. global health efforts.

    U.S. global health initiatives have been implemented in at least 60 countries like Africa, Asia,
    Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia through bilateral support.
    Although more support is directed to countries with an increased burden of incidence,
    other decision making factors include willing and able partner governments, positive relations
    and goodwill with host countries.
    (Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge).

    Those mostly impacted by HSPI are human beings in one of the more than 60 countries
    where U.S. Global initiatives are active, specifically those with increased nociception and
    diminished skeletal function. Increased nociception and diminished skeletal function are
    historically associated with human beings seeking and necessitating some type of corrective
    therapy as opposed to surgical intervention.

    Corrective therapies already exist in global health
    initiatives but as of yet are not trained or educated to address increasing homeostasis and skeletal
    function through a process approach. There are some therapies that possess elements of HSPI
    but lack the primary ubiquitous protocols that make HSPI unique. The solution is to train the
    already present practitioners to apply HSPI to what they are already doing, labor-intense
    occupations dominate in third world countries and a HSPI designed to decrease nociception and
    improve function is a necessary component of impacting global healthcare.

    Mission Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative creates equality in human rights by providing improved
    safety and quality for all.

    Vision Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative vision is to develop integrative strategies to promote
    systemic homeostasis; health and wellness for every country, community and human being.

    Value Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative is guided by an unrelenting desire to globally promote:
    Equality – healthcare excellence through a one earth, one body orientation.
    Health – a synergistic effect of homeostasis through physical activity, nutrition, education and
    integrative touch.

    Goals And Objectives
    Patient Care – all individuals who access GHI care will receive HSPI which is not limited to
    touch therapy for reducing nociception and increasing function.
    Education – all individuals or organizations currently providing patient care will be trained in the
    Health Science Process Initiative and this knowledge will be explained during patient care.

    Research – all individuals receiving or providing care will be part of the ongoing HSPI that
    collects and disseminates data for information and information for knowledge.

    Policies
    The scope of service for HSPI are as follows:
    Integration of whole body kinematics into the current body of modalities to decrease
    nociception and increase function
    a. visually assess natural/genetic alignment and skeletal type
    b. visually assess asymmetry of shoulder-girdle, pelvic girdle, axial complex,
    cranium and extremities.
    c. confirm visual observation by palpation while prone, supine, sideline and
    standing
    d. confirm visual observation and palpation with walking analysis
    e. determine direction of correction and modulation for segmental deviations
    causing increased nociception and decreased function.
    f. provide a treatment plan of care for each individual based on diagnostic
    measures

    Conclusion
    In a HSPI, dysfunctional patterns and segmental deviations are the primary issues to be
    able to identify and resolve. These primary issues are the primary cause of increased nociception
    and decreased function in deviations from structural homeostasis. The GHI and WHO have
    qualified practitioners in the field providing patient care but are subjected to the diagnostic errors
    that plague Western medicine and forms of corrective therapies and intervention. The ability to
    address pain management intervention in third-world countries with improved safety and quality
    is the objective of the HSPI . The U.S. GHI exhibits "Country ownership" to be modeled in the
    U.S. for developing these meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost
    associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI (Liebler, Gratto and McConnell, 2017).
    Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of
    planning a HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing this new program for health
    and equality for all. The U.S. GHI predicts that the outcomes of running a national HSPI will
    provide situational leadership conducive for each region where a program is implemented and
    integrated into the current body of knowledge and modalities.

    References
    Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge.
    Heifets, B. D., & Castillo, P. E. (2009). Endocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic
    plasticity. Annual Review of Physiology, 71, 283–306.

    Liebler, Joan Gratto, and Charles R. McConnell. Management Principles for Health
    Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017.

    Lobelo, F., Stoutenberg, M., & Hutber, A. (2014). The Exercise is Medicine Global Health
    Initiative: a 2014 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(22), 1627–1633.

    Mothes, H., Leukel, C., Jo, H.-G., Seelig, H., Schmidt, S., & Fuchs, R. (2017). Expectations
    affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of
    exercise. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 293–306.

    Schneider, A., Taboas, J. M., McCauley, L. K., & Krebsbach, P. H. (2003). Skeletal homeostasis
    in tissue-engineered bone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the
    Orthopaedic Research Society, 21(5), 859–864.
    Presented to the College of Graduate Health Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Health Science Degree A.T. Still University June 3rd, 2018 by John Barton MBA Introduction The successful implementation of a Health Science Process Initiative (HSPI) is necessary for the U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative (GHI) to realize national improvements in the quality and safety of care. "Country ownership" is to be modeled in the U.S. for developing meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI. Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of planning an HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing the new program which includes developing the mission, goals, objectives, and policies necessary for successful program implementation and integration. Historically diagnostic errors have plagued health cares ability to navigate the terrains of corrective whole body therapies but the HSPI utilizes proven whole-body kinematic strategies for integrative intervention. Background In 2007 The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) Initiative was introduced by the American College of Sports Medicine to institutionalize physical activity in healthcare. Lobelo, Stoutenberg and Hutber (2014) states physical inactivity is the fourth leading global cause of mortality and the past decade of research demonstrates physical activity can increase and improve function and health when directed from the healthcare setting in the form of counseling, exercise prescriptions and referrals. Physical activity though is a means to address the symptoms of the much deeper and systemic issues of a body that is sedentary and out of equilibrium or homeostasis (Mothes, Leukel, Jo, Seelig, Schmidt and Fuchs, 2017). Homeostasis is the definition of biological health, function and the stable state of equilibrium between the interdependent systems of the body; a property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly. These processes and systems of the body are mostly regulated by Ca2+ which is manufactured in the skeletal system and subsequently transported throughout the body by systems for systems (Schneider, Taboas, McCauley and Krebsbach, 2003). The Endogenous Cannabinoid System (eCBs) regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body and can be modulated primarily by integrative physical activity, manual therapy, nutrition and engaging in intellectual activities. Global initiatives already exist for physical activity, nutrition, education and a necessary component of cultivating a healthier global community is implementing an initiative for protocols cultivating structural homeostasis. The inference is that a skeletal system that is in homeostasis is better able to provide homeostatic messengers for the aggregate when functioning optimally and yet historically no emphasis has been placed on the importance of maintaining systemic structural homeostasis by modulating the skeletal system towards a healthier orientation (Heifets and Castillo, 2009). By reorienting national and global healthcare leadership and management towards a HSPI global initiative, the GHI can experience a positive global healthcare benefit and impact for the least amount of resources or cost. Benefits to the recipients of HSPI are increased homeostasis represented by reduced nociception and increased function. The development of an HSPI program is a resource and resolution for the GHI and a vital addition to the emerging trend in healthcare initiatives. The World Health Organization lists the 125 health topics that it is invested in addressing from A-Z on its website and a HSPI is positioned to provide field support for many of the topics listed.The GHI provides funding for existing U.S. global health programs to increase efficiency and effectiveness from its current budget and programs as opposed to creating new programs that require new funding and the HSPI would be a way to maximize efficiencies associated with current projects designed to address physical, physiological, psychological initiatives and topics. These perceived planning and budget constraints present no challenges to implementing HSPI and are conducive to the organizational environment shared by the GHI and the planners of HSPI. The U.S. executive branch chiefly administers U.S. global health activities and would be responsible for planning and making decisions associated with HSPI in conjunction with the HSPI management committee. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) global affairs division, particularly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would also provide diplomatic support in Implementing U.S. global health efforts. U.S. global health initiatives have been implemented in at least 60 countries like Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia through bilateral support. Although more support is directed to countries with an increased burden of incidence, other decision making factors include willing and able partner governments, positive relations and goodwill with host countries. (Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge). Those mostly impacted by HSPI are human beings in one of the more than 60 countries where U.S. Global initiatives are active, specifically those with increased nociception and diminished skeletal function. Increased nociception and diminished skeletal function are historically associated with human beings seeking and necessitating some type of corrective therapy as opposed to surgical intervention. Corrective therapies already exist in global health initiatives but as of yet are not trained or educated to address increasing homeostasis and skeletal function through a process approach. There are some therapies that possess elements of HSPI but lack the primary ubiquitous protocols that make HSPI unique. The solution is to train the already present practitioners to apply HSPI to what they are already doing, labor-intense occupations dominate in third world countries and a HSPI designed to decrease nociception and improve function is a necessary component of impacting global healthcare. Mission Statement The Health Science Process Initiative creates equality in human rights by providing improved safety and quality for all. Vision Statement The Health Science Process Initiative vision is to develop integrative strategies to promote systemic homeostasis; health and wellness for every country, community and human being. Value Statement The Health Science Process Initiative is guided by an unrelenting desire to globally promote: Equality – healthcare excellence through a one earth, one body orientation. Health – a synergistic effect of homeostasis through physical activity, nutrition, education and integrative touch. Goals And Objectives Patient Care – all individuals who access GHI care will receive HSPI which is not limited to touch therapy for reducing nociception and increasing function. Education – all individuals or organizations currently providing patient care will be trained in the Health Science Process Initiative and this knowledge will be explained during patient care. Research – all individuals receiving or providing care will be part of the ongoing HSPI that collects and disseminates data for information and information for knowledge. Policies The scope of service for HSPI are as follows: Integration of whole body kinematics into the current body of modalities to decrease nociception and increase function a. visually assess natural/genetic alignment and skeletal type b. visually assess asymmetry of shoulder-girdle, pelvic girdle, axial complex, cranium and extremities. c. confirm visual observation by palpation while prone, supine, sideline and standing d. confirm visual observation and palpation with walking analysis e. determine direction of correction and modulation for segmental deviations causing increased nociception and decreased function. f. provide a treatment plan of care for each individual based on diagnostic measures Conclusion In a HSPI, dysfunctional patterns and segmental deviations are the primary issues to be able to identify and resolve. These primary issues are the primary cause of increased nociception and decreased function in deviations from structural homeostasis. The GHI and WHO have qualified practitioners in the field providing patient care but are subjected to the diagnostic errors that plague Western medicine and forms of corrective therapies and intervention. The ability to address pain management intervention in third-world countries with improved safety and quality is the objective of the HSPI . The U.S. GHI exhibits "Country ownership" to be modeled in the U.S. for developing these meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI (Liebler, Gratto and McConnell, 2017). Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of planning a HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing this new program for health and equality for all. The U.S. GHI predicts that the outcomes of running a national HSPI will provide situational leadership conducive for each region where a program is implemented and integrated into the current body of knowledge and modalities. References Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge. Heifets, B. D., & Castillo, P. E. (2009). Endocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic plasticity. Annual Review of Physiology, 71, 283–306. Liebler, Joan Gratto, and Charles R. McConnell. Management Principles for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017. Lobelo, F., Stoutenberg, M., & Hutber, A. (2014). The Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative: a 2014 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(22), 1627–1633. Mothes, H., Leukel, C., Jo, H.-G., Seelig, H., Schmidt, S., & Fuchs, R. (2017). Expectations affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of exercise. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 293–306. Schneider, A., Taboas, J. M., McCauley, L. K., & Krebsbach, P. H. (2003). Skeletal homeostasis in tissue-engineered bone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 21(5), 859–864.
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  • A Health Science Process Initiative
    For The U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative

    Presented to the College of Graduate Health Studies in partial fulfillment of the
    requirements for the Doctor of Health Science Degree A.T. Still University
    June 3rd, 2018 by John Barton MBA

    Introduction
    The successful implementation of a Health Science Process Initiative (HSPI) is
    necessary for the U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative (GHI) to realize national improvements in the
    quality and safety of care. "Country ownership" is to be modeled in the U.S. for developing
    meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global
    recipients of HSPI. Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the
    primary orientation of planning an HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing the
    new program which includes developing the mission, goals, objectives, and policies necessary
    for successful program implementation and integration. Historically diagnostic errors have
    plagued health cares ability to navigate the terrains of corrective whole body therapies but the
    HSPI utilizes proven whole-body kinematic strategies for integrative intervention.

    Background
    In 2007 The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) Initiative was introduced by the American
    College of Sports Medicine to institutionalize physical activity in healthcare. Lobelo,
    Stoutenberg and Hutber (2014) states physical inactivity is the fourth leading global cause of
    mortality and the past decade of research demonstrates physical activity can increase and
    improve function and health when directed from the healthcare setting in the form of counseling,
    exercise prescriptions and referrals. Physical activity though is a means to address the symptoms
    of the much deeper and systemic issues of a body that is sedentary and out of equilibrium or
    homeostasis (Mothes, Leukel, Jo, Seelig, Schmidt and Fuchs, 2017).

    Homeostasis is the definition of biological health, function and the stable state of equilibrium between the
    interdependent systems of the body; a property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows the
    maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly. These
    processes and systems of the body are mostly regulated by Ca2+ which is manufactured in the
    skeletal system and subsequently transported throughout the body by systems for systems
    (Schneider, Taboas, McCauley and Krebsbach, 2003). The Endogenous Cannabinoid System
    (eCBs) regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body and can be modulated primarily by
    integrative physical activity, manual therapy, nutrition and engaging in intellectual activities.

    Global initiatives already exist for physical activity, nutrition, education and a necessary
    component of cultivating a healthier global community is implementing an initiative for
    protocols cultivating structural homeostasis. The inference is that a skeletal system that is in
    homeostasis is better able to provide homeostatic messengers for the aggregate when functioning
    optimally and yet historically no emphasis has been placed on the importance of maintaining
    systemic structural homeostasis by modulating the skeletal system towards a healthier
    orientation (Heifets and Castillo, 2009). By reorienting national and global healthcare leadership
    and management towards a HSPI global initiative, the GHI can experience a positive global
    healthcare benefit and impact for the least amount of resources or cost. Benefits to the recipients
    of HSPI are increased homeostasis represented by reduced nociception and increased function.

    The development of an HSPI program is a resource and resolution for the GHI and a vital
    addition to the emerging trend in healthcare initiatives. The World Health Organization lists the
    125 health topics that it is invested in addressing from A-Z on its website and a HSPI is
    positioned to provide field support for many of the topics listed.The GHI provides funding for
    existing U.S. global health programs to increase efficiency and effectiveness from its current
    budget and programs as opposed to creating new programs that require new funding and the
    HSPI would be a way to maximize efficiencies associated with current projects designed to
    address physical, physiological, psychological initiatives and topics. These perceived planning
    and budget constraints present no challenges to implementing HSPI and are conducive to the
    organizational environment shared by the GHI and the planners of HSPI.

    The U.S. executive branch chiefly administers U.S. global health activities and would be
    responsible for planning and making decisions associated with HSPI in conjunction with the
    HSPI management committee. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) global
    affairs division, particularly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would also provide
    diplomatic support in Implementing U.S. global health efforts.

    U.S. global health initiatives have been implemented in at least 60 countries like Africa, Asia,
    Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia through bilateral support.
    Although more support is directed to countries with an increased burden of incidence,
    other decision making factors include willing and able partner governments, positive relations
    and goodwill with host countries.
    (Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge).

    Those mostly impacted by HSPI are human beings in one of the more than 60 countries
    where U.S. Global initiatives are active, specifically those with increased nociception and
    diminished skeletal function. Increased nociception and diminished skeletal function are
    historically associated with human beings seeking and necessitating some type of corrective
    therapy as opposed to surgical intervention.

    Corrective therapies already exist in global health
    initiatives but as of yet are not trained or educated to address increasing homeostasis and skeletal
    function through a process approach. There are some therapies that possess elements of HSPI
    but lack the primary ubiquitous protocols that make HSPI unique. The solution is to train the
    already present practitioners to apply HSPI to what they are already doing, labor-intense
    occupations dominate in third world countries and a HSPI designed to decrease nociception and
    improve function is a necessary component of impacting global healthcare.

    Mission Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative creates equality in human rights by providing improved
    safety and quality for all.

    Vision Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative vision is to develop integrative strategies to promote
    systemic homeostasis; health and wellness for every country, community and human being.

    Value Statement
    The Health Science Process Initiative is guided by an unrelenting desire to globally promote:
    Equality – healthcare excellence through a one earth, one body orientation.
    Health – a synergistic effect of homeostasis through physical activity, nutrition, education and
    integrative touch.

    Goals And Objectives
    Patient Care – all individuals who access GHI care will receive HSPI which is not limited to
    touch therapy for reducing nociception and increasing function.
    Education – all individuals or organizations currently providing patient care will be trained in the
    Health Science Process Initiative and this knowledge will be explained during patient care.

    Research – all individuals receiving or providing care will be part of the ongoing HSPI that
    collects and disseminates data for information and information for knowledge.

    Policies
    The scope of service for HSPI are as follows:
     Integration of whole body kinematics into the current body of modalities to decrease
    nociception and increase function
    a. visually assess natural/genetic alignment and skeletal type
    b. visually assess asymmetry of shoulder-girdle, pelvic girdle, axial complex,
    cranium and extremities.
    c. confirm visual observation by palpation while prone, supine, sideline and
    standing
    d. confirm visual observation and palpation with walking analysis
    e. determine direction of correction and modulation for segmental deviations
    causing increased nociception and decreased function.
    f. provide a treatment plan of care for each individual based on diagnostic
    measures

    Conclusion
    In a HSPI, dysfunctional patterns and segmental deviations are the primary issues to be
    able to identify and resolve. These primary issues are the primary cause of increased nociception
    and decreased function in deviations from structural homeostasis. The GHI and WHO have
    qualified practitioners in the field providing patient care but are subjected to the diagnostic errors
    that plague Western medicine and forms of corrective therapies and intervention. The ability to
    address pain management intervention in third-world countries with improved safety and quality
    is the objective of the HSPI . The U.S. GHI exhibits "Country ownership" to be modeled in the
    U.S. for developing these meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost
    associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI (Liebler, Gratto and McConnell, 2017).
    Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of
    planning a HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing this new program for health
    and equality for all. The U.S. GHI predicts that the outcomes of running a national HSPI will
    provide situational leadership conducive for each region where a program is implemented and
    integrated into the current body of knowledge and modalities.

    References
    Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge.
    Heifets, B. D., & Castillo, P. E. (2009). Endocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic
    plasticity. Annual Review of Physiology, 71, 283–306.

    Liebler, Joan Gratto, and Charles R. McConnell. Management Principles for Health
    Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017.

    Lobelo, F., Stoutenberg, M., & Hutber, A. (2014). The Exercise is Medicine Global Health
    Initiative: a 2014 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(22), 1627–1633.

    Mothes, H., Leukel, C., Jo, H.-G., Seelig, H., Schmidt, S., & Fuchs, R. (2017). Expectations
    affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of
    exercise. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 293–306.

    Schneider, A., Taboas, J. M., McCauley, L. K., & Krebsbach, P. H. (2003). Skeletal homeostasis
    in tissue-engineered bone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the
    Orthopaedic Research Society, 21(5), 859–864.
    A Health Science Process Initiative For The U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative Presented to the College of Graduate Health Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Health Science Degree A.T. Still University June 3rd, 2018 by John Barton MBA Introduction The successful implementation of a Health Science Process Initiative (HSPI) is necessary for the U.S. Global Healthcare Initiative (GHI) to realize national improvements in the quality and safety of care. "Country ownership" is to be modeled in the U.S. for developing meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI. Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of planning an HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing the new program which includes developing the mission, goals, objectives, and policies necessary for successful program implementation and integration. Historically diagnostic errors have plagued health cares ability to navigate the terrains of corrective whole body therapies but the HSPI utilizes proven whole-body kinematic strategies for integrative intervention. Background In 2007 The Exercise is Medicine (EIM) Initiative was introduced by the American College of Sports Medicine to institutionalize physical activity in healthcare. Lobelo, Stoutenberg and Hutber (2014) states physical inactivity is the fourth leading global cause of mortality and the past decade of research demonstrates physical activity can increase and improve function and health when directed from the healthcare setting in the form of counseling, exercise prescriptions and referrals. Physical activity though is a means to address the symptoms of the much deeper and systemic issues of a body that is sedentary and out of equilibrium or homeostasis (Mothes, Leukel, Jo, Seelig, Schmidt and Fuchs, 2017). Homeostasis is the definition of biological health, function and the stable state of equilibrium between the interdependent systems of the body; a property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to function properly. These processes and systems of the body are mostly regulated by Ca2+ which is manufactured in the skeletal system and subsequently transported throughout the body by systems for systems (Schneider, Taboas, McCauley and Krebsbach, 2003). The Endogenous Cannabinoid System (eCBs) regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body and can be modulated primarily by integrative physical activity, manual therapy, nutrition and engaging in intellectual activities. Global initiatives already exist for physical activity, nutrition, education and a necessary component of cultivating a healthier global community is implementing an initiative for protocols cultivating structural homeostasis. The inference is that a skeletal system that is in homeostasis is better able to provide homeostatic messengers for the aggregate when functioning optimally and yet historically no emphasis has been placed on the importance of maintaining systemic structural homeostasis by modulating the skeletal system towards a healthier orientation (Heifets and Castillo, 2009). By reorienting national and global healthcare leadership and management towards a HSPI global initiative, the GHI can experience a positive global healthcare benefit and impact for the least amount of resources or cost. Benefits to the recipients of HSPI are increased homeostasis represented by reduced nociception and increased function. The development of an HSPI program is a resource and resolution for the GHI and a vital addition to the emerging trend in healthcare initiatives. The World Health Organization lists the 125 health topics that it is invested in addressing from A-Z on its website and a HSPI is positioned to provide field support for many of the topics listed.The GHI provides funding for existing U.S. global health programs to increase efficiency and effectiveness from its current budget and programs as opposed to creating new programs that require new funding and the HSPI would be a way to maximize efficiencies associated with current projects designed to address physical, physiological, psychological initiatives and topics. These perceived planning and budget constraints present no challenges to implementing HSPI and are conducive to the organizational environment shared by the GHI and the planners of HSPI. The U.S. executive branch chiefly administers U.S. global health activities and would be responsible for planning and making decisions associated with HSPI in conjunction with the HSPI management committee. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) global affairs division, particularly the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would also provide diplomatic support in Implementing U.S. global health efforts. U.S. global health initiatives have been implemented in at least 60 countries like Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia through bilateral support. Although more support is directed to countries with an increased burden of incidence, other decision making factors include willing and able partner governments, positive relations and goodwill with host countries. (Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge). Those mostly impacted by HSPI are human beings in one of the more than 60 countries where U.S. Global initiatives are active, specifically those with increased nociception and diminished skeletal function. Increased nociception and diminished skeletal function are historically associated with human beings seeking and necessitating some type of corrective therapy as opposed to surgical intervention. Corrective therapies already exist in global health initiatives but as of yet are not trained or educated to address increasing homeostasis and skeletal function through a process approach. There are some therapies that possess elements of HSPI but lack the primary ubiquitous protocols that make HSPI unique. The solution is to train the already present practitioners to apply HSPI to what they are already doing, labor-intense occupations dominate in third world countries and a HSPI designed to decrease nociception and improve function is a necessary component of impacting global healthcare. Mission Statement The Health Science Process Initiative creates equality in human rights by providing improved safety and quality for all. Vision Statement The Health Science Process Initiative vision is to develop integrative strategies to promote systemic homeostasis; health and wellness for every country, community and human being. Value Statement The Health Science Process Initiative is guided by an unrelenting desire to globally promote: Equality – healthcare excellence through a one earth, one body orientation. Health – a synergistic effect of homeostasis through physical activity, nutrition, education and integrative touch. Goals And Objectives Patient Care – all individuals who access GHI care will receive HSPI which is not limited to touch therapy for reducing nociception and increasing function. Education – all individuals or organizations currently providing patient care will be trained in the Health Science Process Initiative and this knowledge will be explained during patient care. Research – all individuals receiving or providing care will be part of the ongoing HSPI that collects and disseminates data for information and information for knowledge. Policies The scope of service for HSPI are as follows:  Integration of whole body kinematics into the current body of modalities to decrease nociception and increase function a. visually assess natural/genetic alignment and skeletal type b. visually assess asymmetry of shoulder-girdle, pelvic girdle, axial complex, cranium and extremities. c. confirm visual observation by palpation while prone, supine, sideline and standing d. confirm visual observation and palpation with walking analysis e. determine direction of correction and modulation for segmental deviations causing increased nociception and decreased function. f. provide a treatment plan of care for each individual based on diagnostic measures Conclusion In a HSPI, dysfunctional patterns and segmental deviations are the primary issues to be able to identify and resolve. These primary issues are the primary cause of increased nociception and decreased function in deviations from structural homeostasis. The GHI and WHO have qualified practitioners in the field providing patient care but are subjected to the diagnostic errors that plague Western medicine and forms of corrective therapies and intervention. The ability to address pain management intervention in third-world countries with improved safety and quality is the objective of the HSPI . The U.S. GHI exhibits "Country ownership" to be modeled in the U.S. for developing these meaningful processes and outcomes for the reduction in cost associated with the GHI for global recipients of HSPI (Liebler, Gratto and McConnell, 2017). Increasing quality and safety while reducing the cost of healthcare is the primary orientation of planning a HSPI and is the foundation of leading and managing this new program for health and equality for all. The U.S. GHI predicts that the outcomes of running a national HSPI will provide situational leadership conducive for each region where a program is implemented and integrated into the current body of knowledge and modalities. References Cooper, A. (2016). Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation. Routledge. Heifets, B. D., & Castillo, P. E. (2009). Endocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic plasticity. Annual Review of Physiology, 71, 283–306. Liebler, Joan Gratto, and Charles R. McConnell. Management Principles for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017. Lobelo, F., Stoutenberg, M., & Hutber, A. (2014). The Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative: a 2014 update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(22), 1627–1633. Mothes, H., Leukel, C., Jo, H.-G., Seelig, H., Schmidt, S., & Fuchs, R. (2017). Expectations affect psychological and neurophysiological benefits even after a single bout of exercise. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 293–306. Schneider, A., Taboas, J. M., McCauley, L. K., & Krebsbach, P. H. (2003). Skeletal homeostasis in tissue-engineered bone. Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 21(5), 859–864.
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  • Workid' world's most modern, 'Make in India' social media mobile app is live in the world. Workid Mobile App will prove the resolve of "Self-reliant India". Workid Mobile App Technology will strong the educational, social, economic background of India and all the countries of the world, "Self-reliant India", "New World" will be created. Workid mobile app technology will free India and all countries of the world from unemployment, poverty, corruption, malnutrition, exploitation, separatism, naxalism, terrorism. By creating their profiles on Workid, citizens of India and many countries of the world are making friends with each other and exchanging their views. Through Workid you can make your product, business, service, article reach every citizen of the world can know their opinion from their customer, reader. Based on in-depth research and analysis on India and all countries of the world and their citizens, Workid Mobile App Technology Startup Company will soon become the world's largest facility provider and generate the highest "employment" and "revenue" in the world. Workid is providing historical opportunity to all the countries of the world, Bank, Financial Institution, Investors, Incubators, Industrialists. Download App Link https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=workid.app.com Apple https://apps.apple.com/us/app/workid/id1615735870 Windows link https://workid.in
    Workid' world's most modern, 'Make in India' social media mobile app is live in the world. Workid Mobile App will prove the resolve of "Self-reliant India". Workid Mobile App Technology will strong the educational, social, economic background of India and all the countries of the world, "Self-reliant India", "New World" will be created. Workid mobile app technology will free India and all countries of the world from unemployment, poverty, corruption, malnutrition, exploitation, separatism, naxalism, terrorism. By creating their profiles on Workid, citizens of India and many countries of the world are making friends with each other and exchanging their views. Through Workid you can make your product, business, service, article reach every citizen of the world can know their opinion from their customer, reader. Based on in-depth research and analysis on India and all countries of the world and their citizens, Workid Mobile App Technology Startup Company will soon become the world's largest facility provider and generate the highest "employment" and "revenue" in the world. Workid is providing historical opportunity to all the countries of the world, Bank, Financial Institution, Investors, Incubators, Industrialists. Download App Link https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=workid.app.com Apple https://apps.apple.com/us/app/workid/id1615735870 Windows link https://workid.in
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  • Workid' world's most modern, 'Make in India' social media mobile app is live in the world. Workid Mobile App will prove the resolve of "Self-reliant India". Workid Mobile App Technology will strong the educational, social, economic background of India and all the countries of the world, "Self-reliant India", "New World" will be created. Workid mobile app technology will free India and all countries of the world from unemployment, poverty, corruption, malnutrition, exploitation, separatism, naxalism, terrorism. By creating their profiles on Workid, citizens of India and many countries of the world are making friends with each other and exchanging their views. Through Workid you can make your product, business, service, article reach every citizen of the world can know their opinion from their customer, reader. Based on in-depth research and analysis on India and all countries of the world and their citizens, Workid Mobile App Technology Startup Company will soon become the world's largest facility provider and generate the highest "employment" and "revenue" in the world. Workid is providing historical opportunity to all the countries of the world, Bank, Financial Institution, Investors, Incubators, Industrialists. Download App Link https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=workid.app.com Apple https://apps.apple.com/us/app/workid/id1615735870 Windows link https://workid.in WorkID India #Workid #World #Live
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  • The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way.


    Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution
    In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space.

    A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format.

    Typographical considerations
    Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.

    Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows:

    The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3]

    The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5]

    When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (§) may be used: "See § Background".

    In computing
    See also: Newline
    In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.

    How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.

    A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6]

    Numbering
    Main article: Dot-decimal notation
    Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951.

    See also: ISO 2145
    Section breaks
    Main article: Section (typography)
    Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat.

    Style advice
    The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.

    A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1]

    English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8]

    See also
    Inverted pyramid (journalism)
    Notes
    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
    Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8.
    "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch.
    com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    References
    The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
    Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673.
    Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13).
    External links
    The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary
    vte
    Typography
    Page
    Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page
    Paragraph
    AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans
    Character
    Typeface anatomy
    CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle
    Capitalization
    All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps
    Visual distinction
    ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter
    Horizontal aspects
    Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space
    Vertical aspects
    AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height
    Typeface
    classifications
    Roman type
    Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif
    Blackletter type
    FrakturRotundaSchwabacher
    Gaelic type
    InsularUncial
    Specialist
    Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast)
    Punctuation
    DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark
    Typesetting
    Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list
    Typographic units
    AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip
    Digital typography
    Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing
    Related articles
    CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering
    Related tables
    Punctuation and other typographic symbols
    The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way. Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space. A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format. Typographical considerations Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page. Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows: The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3] The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5] When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (&sect;) may be used: "See § Background". In computing See also: Newline In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style. How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text. A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6] Numbering Main article: Dot-decimal notation Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951. See also: ISO 2145 Section breaks Main article: Section (typography) Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat. Style advice The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks. A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1] English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8] See also Inverted pyramid (journalism) Notes University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8. "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch. com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018. References The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673. Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13). External links The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary vte Typography Page Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page Paragraph AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle Capitalization All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps Visual distinction ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter Horizontal aspects Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space Vertical aspects AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height Typeface classifications Roman type Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif Blackletter type FrakturRotundaSchwabacher Gaelic type InsularUncial Specialist Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast) Punctuation DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark Typesetting Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list Typographic units AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip Digital typography Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing Related articles CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering Related tables Punctuation and other typographic symbols
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  • The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way.


    Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution
    In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space.

    A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format.

    Typographical considerations
    Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.

    Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows:

    The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3]

    The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5]

    When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (&sect;) may be used: "See § Background".

    In computing
    See also: Newline
    In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.

    How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.

    A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6]

    Numbering
    Main article: Dot-decimal notation
    Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951.

    See also: ISO 2145
    Section breaks
    Main article: Section (typography)
    Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat.

    Style advice
    The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.

    A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1]

    English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8]

    See also
    Inverted pyramid (journalism)
    Notes
    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
    Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8.
    "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch.
    com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    References
    The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
    Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673.
    Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13).
    External links
    The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary
    vte
    Typography
    Page
    Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page
    Paragraph
    AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans
    Character
    Typeface anatomy
    CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle
    Capitalization
    All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps
    Visual distinction
    ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter
    Horizontal aspects
    Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space
    Vertical aspects
    AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height
    Typeface
    classifications
    Roman type
    Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif
    Blackletter type
    FrakturRotundaSchwabacher
    Gaelic type
    InsularUncial
    Specialist
    Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast)
    Punctuation
    DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark
    Typesetting
    Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list
    Typographic units
    AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip
    Digital typography
    Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing
    Related articles
    CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering
    Related tables
    Punctuation and other typographic symbols
    The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way. Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space. A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format. Typographical considerations Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page. Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows: The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3] The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5] When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (&sect;) may be used: "See § Background". In computing See also: Newline In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style. How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text. A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6] Numbering Main article: Dot-decimal notation Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951. See also: ISO 2145 Section breaks Main article: Section (typography) Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat. Style advice The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks. A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1] English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8] See also Inverted pyramid (journalism) Notes University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8. "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch. com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018. References The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673. Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13). External links The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary vte Typography Page Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page Paragraph AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle Capitalization All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps Visual distinction ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter Horizontal aspects Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space Vertical aspects AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height Typeface classifications Roman type Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif Blackletter type FrakturRotundaSchwabacher Gaelic type InsularUncial Specialist Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast) Punctuation DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark Typesetting Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list Typographic units AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip Digital typography Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing Related articles CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering Related tables Punctuation and other typographic symbols
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  • The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way.


    Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution
    In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space.

    A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format.

    Typographical considerations
    Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.

    Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows:

    The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3]

    The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5]

    When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (&sect;) may be used: "See § Background".

    In computing
    See also: Newline
    In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.

    How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.

    A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6]

    Numbering
    Main article: Dot-decimal notation
    Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951.

    See also: ISO 2145
    Section breaks
    Main article: Section (typography)
    Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat.

    Style advice
    The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.

    A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1]

    English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8]

    See also
    Inverted pyramid (journalism)
    Notes
    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
    Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3.
    Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8.
    "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch.
    com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
    References
    The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
    Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673.
    Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13).
    External links
    The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary
    vte
    Typography
    Page
    Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page
    Paragraph
    AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans
    Character
    Typeface anatomy
    CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle
    Capitalization
    All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps
    Visual distinction
    ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter
    Horizontal aspects
    Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space
    Vertical aspects
    AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height
    Typeface
    classifications
    Roman type
    Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif
    Blackletter type
    FrakturRotundaSchwabacher
    Gaelic type
    InsularUncial
    Specialist
    Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast)
    Punctuation
    DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark
    Typesetting
    Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list
    Typographic units
    AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip
    Digital typography
    Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing
    Related articles
    CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering
    Related tables
    Punctuation and other typographic symbols
    The oldest classical British and Latin writing had little or no space between words and could be written in boustrophedon (alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized, and word dividers and terminal punctuation became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original paragraphs, similar to an underscore at the beginning of the new group.[2] The Greek parágraphos evolved into the pilcrow (¶), which in English manuscripts in the Middle Ages can be seen inserted inline between sentences. The hedera leaf (e.g. ☙) has also been used in the same way. Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the US Constitution In ancient manuscripts, another mean to divide sentences into paragraphs was a line break (newline) followed by an initial at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original Old English manuscript of Beowulf. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly.[3] Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by indenting the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten) United States Constitution from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space. A second common modern English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double carriage return produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or word processing software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting leading. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the World Wide Web and email. Wikipedia itself employs this format. Typographical considerations Widows and orphans occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page. Professionally printed material in English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example, Robert Bringhurst states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left."[3] Bringhurst explains as follows: The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.[3] The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first,[3] noting that that is the "practical minimum".[4] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent.[4] Miles Tinker, in his book Legibility of Print, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases readability by 7%, on average.[5] When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (&sect;) may be used: "See § Background". In computing See also: Newline In word processing and desktop publishing, a hard return or paragraph break indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the soft return at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows word wrap to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style. How such documents are actually stored depends on the file format. For example, HTML uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In plaintext files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a newline at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text. A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in prose. HTML's <br /> tag produces a line break without ending the paragraph; the W3C recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a stanza), or in a street address.[6] Numbering Main article: Dot-decimal notation Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the decimal system, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921 A Course of Modern Analysis, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to Giuseppe Peano on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.[7] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951. See also: ISO 2145 Section breaks Main article: Section (typography) Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a dinkus, a fleuron, or a stylistic dingbat. Style advice The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks. A common English usage misconception is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.[1] English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a topic sentence or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the Schaffer paragraph. This advice differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as danraku 段落).[8] See also Inverted pyramid (journalism) Notes University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Paragraph Development". The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 June 2018. Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894). The History of the English Paragraph. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Bringhurst, Robert (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40. ISBN 0-88179-206-3. Tinker, Miles A. (1963). Legibility of Print. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8138-2450-8. "<br>: The Line Break element". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Kowwalski, E. "Peano paragraphing". blogs.ethz.ch. com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol . "Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs". jalt.org. Retrieved 15 March 2018. References The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.. Project Gutenberg, November 2003. E-Book, #4673. Rozakis, Laurie E. Master the AP English Language and Composition Test. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2000. ISBN 0-7645-6184-7 (10). ISBN 978-0-7645-6184-9 (13). External links The dictionary definition of paragraph at Wiktionary vte Typography Page Canons of page constructionColumnEven workingMarginPage numberingPaper sizePaginationPull quoteRecto and versoIntentionally blank page Paragraph AlignmentLeadingRiverRunaroundWidows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy CounterDiacriticsDingbatGlyphInk trapLigatureRotationSubscript and superscriptSwashText figuresTittle Capitalization All capsCamel caseInitialLetter caseSmall caps Visual distinction ItalicsObliqueBoldColor printingUnderlineBlackboard boldBlackletter Horizontal aspects Figure spaceKerningLetter-spacingParen spaceSentence spacingSpaceThin space Vertical aspects AscenderBaselineBody heightCap heightDescenderMedianOvershootx-height Typeface classifications Roman type Serif (Antiqua, Didone, slab serif)Sans-serif Blackletter type FrakturRotundaSchwabacher Gaelic type InsularUncial Specialist Record typeDisplay typeface (script, fat face, reverse-contrast) Punctuation DashesHanging punctuationHyphen-minusHyphenationPrime markQuotation mark Typesetting Etaoin shrdluFont computermonospacedFont catalogFor position onlyLetterpressLorem ipsumMicroprintingMicrotypographyMovable typePangramPhototypesettingPunchcuttingReversing typeType colorType designTypeface list Typographic units AgateCiceroEmEnMeasurePicaPoint traditional point-size namesProposed metric unitsTwip Digital typography Character encodingHintingRasterizationTypographic featuresWeb typographyBézier curvesDesktop publishing Related articles CalligraphyType designStyle guideType foundryHistory of Western typographyIntellectual property protection of typefacesTechnical lettering Related tables Punctuation and other typographic symbols
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